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The Age of Imperialism
Well, everybody has been reading their Tacitus! The Europeans especially, take the opportunity to have an Empire in this millennia, but they are not the only ones. Everybody wants an Empire!
The world changes out of all recognition again now, as it has always done in the past. It is rather like watching a life form mutate, or like watching a foetus grow. Will we become a butterfly crawling and struggling out of our chrysalis? Are we capable of becoming something so beautiful?
However, globalisation, cinema and television and the internet will bring history to life in our living rooms which will have far reaching consequences. Live Aid is just one example of how a widespread response can occur over the tea table! Are we capable of more?
The World continues to have natural disasters and volcanoes continue to erupt, Tsunamis happen, the extremes of weather worsen, diseases continue to strike, famines claim millions but war will claim untold millions, 50,000,000 in World War II alone. The terrifying cruelty of slavery and conquest across the World is responsible for many hundreds of millions of peoples forced into movement away from home to very uncertain futures, resulting in untold misery. This dreadful and commonplace practice has been pursued by many of the World’s Empires without a second thought. Only now is the miasma of this evil beginning to clear through the ongoing casual genocides still going on to this day.
History could be compared to a game of billiards. If we hit a ball hard enough, it will hit other balls and ricochet around the table and other balls will be displaced or fall down pockets and leave the game. But is it a game? A group of people sitting in a room making decisions ricochets around the World nonetheless. The game is the law of unintended consequences, and unless we see and understand the patterns of the past, we are doomed to repeat them. But what a cost!
Now we do understand that the Earth is not our plaything. Now we do understand Human Rights. Now we do understand the meaning of power. But do we understand the butterfly?
- 1000 AD Vietnam fights off Chinese rule and the Dynastic Era begins
- 1000 AD Britain Wulfstan preaches the Sermon of the Wolf
- 1000 AD Hungary converts to Roman Catholicism
- 1000 AD Rome list of Popes
- 1000 AD Poland emerges and converts to Roman Catholicism
- 1000 AD Ireland source Annals of Tigernach
- 1002 AD Ireland Brian Boru defeats the O’Neills
- 1002 AD Britain Aethelred defeats a Viking Great Army at St Brice’s Day Massacre greatly upsetting Sweyn I of Denmark. Constant Viking raids since 980 AD and payment of Danegeld
- 1003 AD Persia the Saffarid Dynasty fades
- 1007 AD Rome first pogrom against the Jews see 992 AD
- 1009 AD Jerusalem Al Hakim burnt down the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and forbade Christians access to Jerusalem
- 1009 AD Britain Sweyn I of Denmark invades with Thorkell the Tall and they kill the Alphege the Archbishop of Canterbury and drive out Edward to Normandy. Sweyn declares himself king of England
- 1014 AD Britain the Anglo Saxon Magna Carta signed by Edmund Ironside and English aristocrats
- 1014 AD Scotland Brian Boru defeats the Vikings at the Battle of Clontarf but he is killed and Maelsechnaill regains kingship of Ireland
- 1016 AD Britain Canute invades and becomes king alongside Edmund Ironside. Eadric Streona’s treachery leads to Canute’s sole kingship and unification of England under Danish rule. Canute is also king of Denmark and Norway
- 1016 AD Italy the Normans invade Calabria
- 1018 AD Britain Scottish king Malcolm II invades Northumbria
- 1020 AD Francia the Normans control Lombardy and some Byzantine lands
- 1024 AD Germania the Ottonian Dynasty fails and the Salian Dynasty emerges
- 1027 AD Rome the Truce of God Movement
- 1034 AD Scotland Duncan I reputedly a priest king akin to the Merovingians, and possibly why Shakespeare had him killed like Dagobert by Macbeth who subsequently goes mad ?like Wilfred
- 1035 AD Britain breaks free of Danish control when Canute dies
- 1036 AD Rome three types of people ‘prayers’ ’tillers’ and ‘fighters’ – pun on Druidic triad?
- 1038 AD Rome Peace League of Bourges Aimon of Bourges – decision to take up arms to enforce the peace leads to the Peace Militia
- 1039 AD Ireland Echmarchach mac Ragnaill captures Dublin and becomes king of the Isles list of Viking kings of Dublin
- 1040 China the first movable pottery block type printing
- 1040 AD Britain Emma wife of Ethelred and Canute and mother of Alfred, Edward and Harthacanute was responsible for a great output of literature written down in her lifetime, and she hired propaganda from Flanders
- 1041 AD Britain source Encomium Emmae
- 1941 AD Francia Synod of Arles forbade any Christian from taking up arms
- 1043 AD Italy Norman Tancred and his sons move to Italy and his descendants take on major historical roles
- 1046 AD Rome Papacy claims supremacy above kings and outlaws simony again
- 1048 AD Scotland the Port of Leith Arms show a Madonna and child in a boat (Dan Brown again!)
- 1048 AD Jerusalem Islam rebuilds the Church of the Holy Sepulchre under Ali az Zahir
- 1049 AD Rome forbids clerical marriage
- 1049 AD Rome Peter Damian Book of Gomorrah describes sodomy and bestiality and more amongst clergy. This book is later suppressed by Leo IX
- 1050 AD Russia Kiev Yaroslav I finally moulds Russia into an Empire
- 1050 AD Scotland source the Chronicle of the kings of Alba
- 1050 AD Wales source Book of Taliesin
- 1050 AD Asia Minor the Seljuq Peoples arrive sweeping all before them
- 1050 AD Baghdad Islamic Abbasid Dynasty fades as their mercenaries the Mamluks gain in power list of Abassid kings as the Fatimid Dynasty emerges Islamic traders open Alexandria again using the Red Sea, cutting off Mesopotamia and the Byzantine Empire from trade routes
- 1050 AD Andalusia source Islamic Abullah al Bakri
- 1052 AD Rome Berengar of Tours proscribed
- 1052 AD Rome Regnum Sacerdotum proclaims the power of kings over priests
- 1052 AD Mediterranean Sea controlled by the Normans
- 1052 AD Ireland Vikings recapture Dublin
- 1054 AD Roman Church and Byzantine Church splits irrevocably over dispute between Michael Cerularius and Leo IX over the use of unleavened bread for the Eucharist the East West Schism
- 1054 AD Rome declares that no Christian to kill another Christian
- 1055 AD Germania Henry III Holy Roman Emperor elects ten Popes in ten Years and Cluniac Monastries, rich with simony appointments and married clergy, spread under Royal protection
- 1056 AD Byzantine Empire fragmentation and chaos as Macedonian Dynasty fails list of Macedonian Emperors
- 1057 AD Rome chaos of the last 102 years ends when Victor II elected after 25 competing Popes and antipopes since 955 AD list of Popes Hildebrand captures Rome and his friend was Abbott of Monte Cassino and home to the Papal Reform Party. Monte Cassino passed reforms that the College of Cardinals should choose future Popes. The Normans ally to the Papacy. Henry III uses the treasure of Monte Cassino to pay to attack the Normans and the Popes ally with the Normans against Henry III using the forged Donation of Constantine. Supported by the Normans when the nobles sack Rome, the Popes instigate a moral reform of the Church and ban lay investiture and clerical marriage. The Normans capture Calabria, Capua and Gaeta
- 1058 AD Francia the Magdelene Church at Rennes le Chateau reputedly founded
- 1060 AD Britain source Goscelin of St Bertin writes numerous lives of English saints and preserves many English traditions through the Norman conquest to come
- 1060 AD Italy the Normans invade Sicily, and Rome with Hildebrand
- 1061 AD Scotland Norman knights reputedly arrive at Roslin with Hugh de Payen
- 1062 AD Rome Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor kidnapped Alexander II and Honorius. Honorius invades Rome. The Normans invade Rome and drive out Honorius
- 1063 AD Wales Bleddyn ap Cynfyn installed as king by Harold Godwinson after the defeat of Gruffud ap Llewelyn
- 1063 AD Italy the Basilica of St Mark built in Venice
- 1064 AD Andalusia protocrusade against Islam in Andalusia
- 1066 AD Britain the Battle of Fulford Gate Tostig and Harald III of Norway defeat Edwin and Morcar
- 1066 AD Britain the Battle of Stamford Bridge Harold Godwinson victorious against Harald III of Norway
- 1066 AD Britain conquest of William the Conqueror at Battle of Hastings
- 1066 AD Britain end of Witan law codes
- 1066 AD Netherlands Charter of Guy replaced trial by combat with oaths
- 1066 AD Africa Islam reaches down into the Kingdom of Mali and the Ghana Empire fades
- 1066 AD Normandy the Bayeux Tapestry begun under Bishop Odo
- 1068 AD Italy the Normans capture Bari
- 1969 AD Britain William I the Harrying of the North kills 150,000 people population of England at the time estimated at 1,500,000 William burns Jorvik to the ground. William begins a massive building programe throughout Britain. William changed the underlying social structure of Anglo Saxon England, including the relationship between men and lords, land holding rights, no tenure without service, which meant peasants had wages, and the dissolution of kinship structures and primogeniture. The Papal Legate ordered the death of all English nobles. Latin became the official language, with French as the language of the aristocracy, but English remained the cradle language. William reforms the Church and builds Winchester. He also confirms the laws of Edward the Confessor and the English Common Law
- 1069 AD Italy the Normans capture Palermo
- 1070 AD Britain Hereward the Wake held out against the Normans on the Isle of Ely
- 1071 AD Byzantine Empire attacked by Seljuq Turks
- 1073 AD Byzantine Empire attacked by Normans
- 1073 AD Rome Hildebrand Pope Gregory VII assumes the Papal crown and dons Purple and proclaims Dictatus Papae, or supremacy over all of the peoples of Earth and above kings, with power to depose kings, which upsets loads of people. He also proclaims himself a saint and initiates the Gregorian Reform. He proscribes lay investiture and excommunicates Henry IV twice. Three years of civil war with Germany result
- 1073 AD Asia Minor the Turkic Peoples have been arriving in Europe for centuries under different Tribal names. The Seljuq Culture establishes an Empire in Asia Minor at this time
- 1075 AD Asia Minor the kingdom of Armenia resurges
- 1077 AD Britain Cluniacs arrive
- 1077 AD Britain Tower of London built
- 1078 AD Britain Sarum Rite intruduced by Osmund Bishop of Salisbury
- 1080 AD Rome Gregory VII and Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV finally agree on Luke 22.38 two swords, material sword of kings and the spiritual sword of priests
- 1081 AD Byzantine Empire Alexius I defeats the Seljuqs and the Normans
- 1082 AD Britain William invites Jews into Britain
- 1083 AD Rome Henry IV and Gregory VII and Normans fight for control
- 1085 AD Spain Visigoths capture Toledo from Islam
- 1086 AD Britain source the Domesday Book. Britain is the richest country in Europe Europe at this time, and 50% of these riches lay in the hands of 190 individuals, of these, 11 men owned half of this wealth between them.
- 1090 AD Britain protests against the slave trade from Viking Dublin
- 1090 AD Rome Pope refused Mass in the vernacular
- 1091 AD Malta the Normans conquer
- 1092 AD Britain source Eadmer
- 1093 AD Scotland William Rufus invades
- 1094 AD Andalusia El Cid captures Valencia and Aragon
- 1095 AD Jerusalem captured by the First Crusade which was engineered by the Desposyni Rex Deus, and ordered by Pope Urban II and the Kingdom of Jerusalem founded after the slaughter of Jerusalem. The first king Godfrey of Bouilon reputedly of Merovingian descent. The Order of Sion founded to include Jews, Christians and Muslims and is immediately proscribed by Rome. The Knights Templars founded The Order of St John founded with the Serpent Caduceus. William Rufus of Britain not invited on First Crusade as he has control of papal legates and is in contention with Anselm
- 1096 AD Britain Anselm upsets everybody by claiming Dictatus Papae at Canterbury as a wedge between king and Church. He is not supported by married clergy but he is supported by Henry’s wife Matilda
- 1098 AD Germany Cistercian Order founded
- 1098 AD Asia Minor Seljuqs and Islam war
- 1100 AD migration of peoples across Europe to Jesusalem at this time
- 1100 AD Africa Islamic migration into Africa begins along the eastern seaboard. Arabs, Persians and Indians establish the colonies Mombasa, Malindi and Sofala to the detriment of the Swahili People. The North African coast was previously conquered from the Christian kingdoms of Europe in the 7th Century to the detriment of the Berber People and the Moorish Peoples, followed by a resurgence and an extension of the knowledge. Senegambia and the middle Niger regions also fell under the influence of the Arabs and Berbers
- 1100 AD Italy Venice emerges as major naval force and challenging Islam in Mediterranean
- 1100 AD Britain Henry I king but is forced to admit to murder of William Rufus in his coronation ritual and this becomes a precursor to the Magna Carta
- 1100 AD Britain Adelard of Bath travels widely collecting manuscripts from outside Christendom and making them available to scholars Euclid now known in the West
- 1100 AD Finland converts to Roman Catholicism
- 1100 AD the Indigenous peoples of Asia are on the move
- 1100 AD Russia the Kipchaks emerge
- 1100 AD Central Asia the Pechenegs are on the move
- 1100 AD Far East the Khmer Empire emerges and Angkor Wat is built
- 1100 AD West Africa the Islamic Almoravid Berber Culture invades down into the Western Sahara and up into Spain and Portugal
- 1100 AD East Africa Great Zimbabwe emerges
- 1100 AD Central Africa The Kongo Culture emerges
- 1100 AD Europe the Black Madonnas start to appear, possibly a reaction to the secret knowledge about Mary Magdalene and may contain reference to her being hidden. They may also contain reference to Egyptian mythology and Osiris who was depicted as a black deity or a green deity, the colour of vegetation and of heaven, because he reigned in the underworld
- 1102 AD Britain slavery abolished
- 1111 AD Rome Pascal II accepts lay investiture as controversy over this issue causes war all over Europe. Pascal II deposed and Calixtus II refuses to accept lay investiture and the discord continues
- 1113 AD Russia source Primary Chronicle
- 1115 AD Britain source Orderic Vitalis
- 1118 AD Jerusalem Hughes de Payen excavating under the Temple Mount
- 1120 AD Britain Henry I’s son and heir drowned in the wreck of the White Ship
- 1122 AD Germany Concordat of Worms the Investiture Controversy is finally settled and Gregorian Reform wanes
- 1125 AD Britain Matilda arrives to marry Henry I
- 1125 AD Britain source William of Malmesbury
- 1125 AD Britain Roger of Salisbury invents Exchequor system
- 1125 AD Wales source Book of Llandaff
- 1128 AD France Bernard of Clairveux founder of Cistercian Order drafts the Constitution of the Knights Templar and becomes their official patron which ensures a concommitent rise of the Cisterician Order at Notres Dame, Chartres, Amiens and Reims. The Templars are granted lands in the Firth of Forth The Knights Templar discovered the Armenian Church in Jerusalem which had been in existence since the time of the Apostles and probably unknown in the West since the proscription of Monophytism in the 4th century and the rise of Islam cutting them off from Jerusalem. The Armenian Church refused to reject Eutyches and followed the rule of Cyril of Alexandria adopting Miaphysitism. The Armenian Church combined with the Ethiopian Church at this time, and no doubt the Knights Templars learned a lot from them both about Lallibella and the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion at Axum and the reputed repository of the Ark of the Covenant there and the Obelisk of Axum. This is a more explosive ‘treasure’ and certainly enough to hold Rome to account. Reputedly several Templars set off for Ethiopia to investigate all this for themselves.
- 1129 AD Britain source Henry I
- 1130 AD Wales Cistercians arrive
- 1130 AD Britain Gilbertine Order founded
- 1132 AD Rome Arnold of Brescia preaching clerical poverty at a time when the Popes are walking around in Imperial Purple
- 1132 AD Denmark civil war
- 1132 AD Rome the Normans are elbow deep in Papal politics and kidnap Innocent II to force him to accept Roger II who formed a Norman kingdom in Southern Italy
- 1135 AD Britain Stephen crowned king with important coronation concessions forming the basis for the future Magna Carta. Stephen seized the throne with popular support from Henry I and married Matilda who was supporting Geoffrey of Anjou over the war with Normandy, over which Henry II had claimed kingship
- 1136 AD Wales Owain Gwynedd major victories against the Normans
- 1136 AD Scotland Cistercians arrive
- 1138 AD Syria the Aleppo earthquake kills 230,000 people
- 1138 AD Scotland David I, Matilda’s uncle, invades Britain
- 1139 AD Ireland Malachy brings the Irish Church into line with the Roman Church
- 1139 AD Rome Innocent II grants the Knights Templars independence from authority, as the Pope is. The Knights Templar become very powerful a a result
- 1140 AD Britain source William of Malmesbury writes of the Holy Grail and many other books Arthurian Myth
- 1140 AD North Africa source Averroes complies the works of Aristotle in Morocco
- 1140 AD Scotland the Knights Templar very active here at this time
- 1140 AD Britain source Geoffrey of Gaimar continues Geoffrey of Monmouth‘s Historia Regum Britannae and translates it into French Arthurian Myth
- 1140 AD Wales source Caradoc of Llancarfan writes of Gwynefer‘s imprisonment by Maelwas of Somerset, who may be Maelgwn Hir ap Cadwallon? Arthurian Myth
- 1140 AD Scotland Somerled Lord of the Isles
- 1141 AD Britain the Anarchy of Stephen, Geoffrey and Matilda
- 1141 AD North Africa Roger II captures a series of ports along the coast
- 1142 AD Britain source John of Salisbury writes the Politicratus
- 1142 AD Ireland the Cistercians arrive
- 1144 AD Asia Minor the Seljuq‘s capture Odessa
- 1145 AD Rome the Second Crusade called following the fall of Odessa and is defeated by the Seljuq‘s. Frederick I Holy Roman Emperor and Louis VII lead the Crusade. The remnants of the army travel on to Damascus and dissolve in chaos. Eugenuis III claims Two Swords and extends Vassalage. Eugenius III awards the Knights Templar the Conventual Blood Cross Insignia. The Crusaders capture Lisbon
- 1146 AD North Africa the Normans capture Tripoli
- 1146 AD Spain Islam invades
- 1149 AD Rome source Bernard of Clairvaux
- 1150 AD Cambodia Angkor Wat Built by Suryavarman II of the Khmer Empire
- 1150 AD Europe the growth of City Republics or Communes
- 1150 AD North Africa source Maimonides Guide for the Perplexed
- 1150 AD Europe only England and Rome have advanced tax collection and finance control
- 1150 AD Britain the University of Oxford founded under Augustinian influence and is prolific in its output of literature. Geoffrey of Monmouth writes Historia Regum Britanniae the Prophecy of Merlin and the Vita Merlini. Arthurian Myth
The Second Charter of Liberties issued in 1136 is another precursor to the Magna Carta - 1150 AD Britain source Prophecy of Berchan
- 1150 AD Andalusia source Averroes
- 1151 AD Rome Bernard of Clairvaux give the power of Two Swords to the Pope and upsets loads of people
- 1152 AD Britain Henry II reforms the Common Law and replaces trial by ordeal with trial by Jury. He marries Eleanor of Aquitaine and forms the Avgevin Empire and is at war with her first husband Louis VII of France
- 1154 AD Syria Islam conquers Damascus under Nur ad Din
- 1155 AD Britain source Robert Wace writes Roman de Brut based on Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniae Arthurian Myth
- 1157 AD Wales Owain Gwynedd defeats Henry II
- 1158 AD Europe Frederick I Holy Roman Emperor asserts control over Northern Italy and Corsica over the Pope’s claim for Two Swords
- 1159 AD Rome Adrian IV gives Ireland to England
- 1159 AD Britain John of Salisbury give power of Two Swords to Pope
- 1160 AD Sicily massacre of Muslims and Muslim apostates under William I and his predecessor
- 1160 AD France source Chretien de Troyes revamps the British literature from Oxford (see 1150 AD) on the Arthurian Legend into French. Arthurian Myth
Propoganda is very sophisticated in Europe, especially in France and Britain at this time English Historians in the Middle Ages conservation of all English Literature to date, helped by paper arriving in the West, which makes all this writing possible. Romance literature also becomes possible - 1163 AD France source Abelard and Heloise
- 1163 AD Scotland the Cluniacs arrive
- 1164 AD Britain Henry II Clarendon Constitutions lead to rebellion of Thomas Beckett when Henry II tries to legislate over the prosecution of criminal clerics
- 1167 AD Germany the Lombard League founded to counter the power of Frederick I
- 1169 AD North Africa Saladin conquers Egypt and founds the Ayyubid Dynasty
- 1170 AD Britain source Ralph de Diceto
- 1170 AD Baghdad the Fatamid Dynasty fades
- 1170 AD Spain source Benjamin of Tudela describes his extensive travels in the Holy Land, Central Asia, Perisa and Africa
- 1170 AD Wales Owain Gwynedd refused to appoint Thomas Beckett‘s Bishop at Bangor and appoints Arthur of Bardsley instead
- 1170 AD Britain Thomas Beckett murdered. In the debate about the power of the Popes over the Two Swords claim, the Pope could not support him due to wars in Europe over this and the fears that Germany and England would ally against Rome. Henry II has won the right to appoint his own Bishops
- 1170 AD Europe massive religious building project across Europe ‘Rebuilding Jerusalem’ and Gothic Art replaces Romanesque Art
- 1171 AD Mongolia Genghis Khan’s father murdered and the tribe deserted him and his family
- 1172 AD Ireland Henry II invades to counter rebellions against pervasive Royal influence and the developments in common law
- 1172 AD Wales Henry II peace treaty with Rhys ap Gruffydd
- 1174 AD Scotland William I defeated by Henry II Jordan Fantosme writes a poem on the rebellion
- 1175 AD Ireland Ruadri Ua Conchobair peace treaty with Henry II and Henry can now develop the Common Law throughout Britain and Ireland and he develops Eyre Circuits for judges
- 1176 AD Byzantine Empire in trouble against Seljuqs, Serbs and Hungarians
- 1177 AD Rome Alexander III makes peace with Frederick I over the papal Schism of Two Swords and some papal lands are restored
- 1179 AD Rome Third Lateran Council gives the College of Cardinals sole power to elect the Pope
- 1180 AD Britain source on English Law Richard Fitzneal
- 1180 AD Britain source on English Law Ranulf de Glanvill
- 1180 AD Britain Royal Charter to guarantee the loyalty of Barons is precursor to Magna Carta
- 1180 AD Britain source Jocelyn de Brakelond
- 1181 AD Rome proscribes the Albigensians
- 1182 AD Mongolia Genghis Khan marries Bhortai and inherits her tribe
- 1184 AD Rome the Inquisition is formally created under Lucius III and Frederick I and heresy becomes a secular matter Medieval Inquisition
- 1184 AD Mongolia Genghis Khan totally destroys the Merkhet tribe
- 1185 AD Bulgaria breaks free of Byzantime Empire and forms the second Bulgarian Empire
- 1185 AD Japan the Samuri emerge
- 1186 AD Britain Knights Templar build the Church of Temple Bar in Fleet Street at the headquarters in the Inner Temple and Middle Temple
- 1186 AD Mongolia Genghis Khan quarrels with Jamuqu and his tribe splits
- 1187 AD Jerusalem the Kingdom of Jerusalem ends when Saladin conquers the territory
- 1188 AD Mongolia Jamuqa attacks Genghis Khan‘s tribe and massacred his generals. Genghis Khan kills Jamuqa and throws out all of the old ways and builds a meritocratic army
- 1189 AD Sicily Civil war Christians against Muslims
- 1189 AD Scotland Richard I sells Scotland back its independence under the Treaty of Falaise to raise money for the next Crusade. He also begins a series of pogroms against the Jews, presumably to gain their money for the Crusade, which results in the massacre of Jews at York
- 1189 AD Rome the Third Crusade ends with a treaty between Richard I and Saladin to allow Christian pilgrimage and preserve the Holy sites and allow trade route access
- 1190 AD Europe literature conservation spreads out from England across Europe with major centres at Chartres, Paris, Rheims, Leon, Toledo and Bologne
- 1190 AD France source Robert de Boron Arthurian Myth
- 1190 AD Britain source Layamon translates Robert Wace into the vernacular Arthurian Myth
- 1190 AD Wales source Heliand refers to Waleran’s Saynt Graal written (see 716 AD) Arthurian Myth
- 1190 AD Britain source John of Glastonbury refers to Waleran’s Saynt Graal written (see 716 AD) Arthurian Myth
- 1193 AD Russia the Northern Crusdes are repulsed
- 1194 AD Wales Llywelyn the Great captures most of Wales
- 1195 AD France source Wauchier de Denain Arthurian Myth
- 1196 AD Mongolia Genghis Khan now chieftain of all the unites tribes of Mongolia completely destroys the Tartars
- 1198 AS Rome Innocent III an new dynasty with a new agenda to control the Papacy and separate Church and State (this becomes the basis of the American Constitution in the 18th Century) and the inadvisability of anyone claiming Two Swords
- 1199 AD Britain the most powerful Kingdom in Europe
- 1200 AD Britain source Roger of Hoveden
- 1200 AD Germany source Wolfram von Eschenbach Arthurian myth
- 1200 AD Cambodia Angkor Thom built by the Khmer Empire
- 1200 AD Germany the Teutonic Knights formed and fought against the Cumans and Old Prussia
- 1200 AD Russia the Novgorod Republic emerges along with the Vladimir Suzdal
- 1200 AD China the first woodblock printing technique
- 1200 AD Far East Angkor Thom is built
- 1200 AD Europe the Waldensians are proscribed and suffer the Inquisition
- 1200 AD South America the Huari Culture fades in the Andes
- 1200 AD West Africa the Sosso Culture absorbs the Mandike Culture under their leader Sundiata Keita to form the Mande Culture in the Niger Congo region
- 1201 AD Rome the Fourth Crusade detours to destroy Constantinople instead as a final solution to the schism between the two Churches, resulting in the first Latin Patriarch and the formation of the Latin Empire. The Cistercians soon arrived and the Byzantine Empire is now ruled by Rome
- 1204 AD Britain John loses Normandy to Philip II of France
- 1204 AD Germany Wolfram von Eschenbach reputedly confirms that Perlesvaus is related to the Knights Templars as Grail Guardians Arthurian Myth
- 1206 AD Mongolian Ghenghis Khan founds the Mongol Empire, one of the biggest the world has ever seen, at this time. He conquers the Jurchens Namians Tangut Kara Khitan Khanate Khwarezmia Rus Hungary Poland Mongol invasion of Europe Afganistan Pakistan Northern India Caucasus Transoxiana Persia Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Crimea Kipchaks and the cities Samarkand Otrar Bukhara Kiev Halych and very many more. The Islamic World Collapsed. Genghis Khan recalled his army before they could conquer any more territory but the Golden Horde Khanate remained after Genghis Khan died and they conquered a vast area around Ukraine, Russia, Siberia and the Caucasus. Genghis Khan also fought the Tangut who allied with the Jin Dynasty so Genghis conquered them later when he crossed the Gobi Desert to capture Xining. The Mongol Empire was the biggest Empire ever seen on Earth, ignoring race culture and creed and based on meritocracy and religious tolerance, because it was completely indifferent to religion and did not hesitate to exterminate any opposition, religious or otherwise. The Mongol destruction of the libraries of Baghdad are still felt today. The Mongols massacred an estimated 80,000 people in Baghdad and many hundreds of thousands of peoples during their conquest. Genghis Khan set out to destroy Islam and many hundreds of thousands of Moslems were slaughtered. The Mongol Empire had a unified tax system and their capital city Karakorum contained a military school, a medical school, a legal system and literary records. The Mongol Empire spawned many Khans but it began to disintegrate soon after Genghis died in 1227 AD and eventually, the Khans began to convert to Islam
- 1206 AD India Mongol conquests and the Delhi Sultanate begins
- 1206 AD North America The Anasazi Indian Culture fades
- 1209 AD Britain Cambridge University founded
- 1210 AD France source Perlesvaus reputedly this propaganda is sponsored by the Knights Templar Arthurian Myth
- 1211 AD Central Asia the Kara Khanid Khanate fades
- 1212 AD Spain the Spanish Crusade Islam was also persecuting Jews in Spain since 1202
- 1215 AD Britain After the First Baron’s War, the Magna Carta signed and binds the king to law. Innocent III declares it void. The Magna Carta is regarded as the most important document in the history of Democracy and formed the basis of the American Constitution and Bill of Rights in the 18th Century
- 1215 AD France the Dominican Order formed
- 1217 AD Britain the Forest Law Charter removed from Magna Carta
- 1217 AD Rome the Fifth Crusade in alliance with the Sultanate of Rum failed
- 1219 AD Europe source the Vulgate Cycle Arthurian Myth authorship unknown but reputedly attributed to the Cistercians
- 1225 AD Britain Henry III reissues the Magna Carta with concessions
- 1226 AD Rome the Franciscan Order formed
- 1226 AD Poland the Teutonic Knights established
- 1227 AD Mongolia source Secret History of the Mongols
- 1228 AD Rome the Sixth Crusade Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor married Yolande of Jerusalem and so had a claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem and Al Kamil agreed a treaty whereby he could enter Jerusalem as king and claim Nazareth, Sidon, Jaffa, Bethlehem, and all of Jerusalem except the Dome of the Rock. However, Frederick II had to get back to Germany…
- 1229 AD Europe the Cathars are proscribed and suffer the Inquisition under Simon de Montfort and the Dominicans. Saint Dominic founded the Dominican order specifically to contest the Cathars, and his order of Dominicans became the foundation of the Inquisition. The Cathars literal interpretation of the Bible led them to believe in two gods, one good, one evil. They believed the evil god Rex Mundi had made the World and so everything material, even Jesus himself, was therefore also evil because his mortal aspect ruled out any divine aspect alongside such pollution. This inquisition resulted in the genocide of the Cathars in Southern France when up to one millions people were slaughtered by the Inquisition to root out this heresy. The famous quote ‘Neca eos omnes. Deus suos agnoset’ or ‘kill them all. God will know his own’ was a corruption of Paul 2nd Timothy chapter 2 verse 19. The French King Louise VIII benefited from the demise of the wealthy Counts of Toulouse who were swept away by this conflagration against the Cathars and the Occitan people who were the dominant people of this region before this Inquisition.
- 1230 AD Britain Morris Men and the Cult of Maid Marion a Indo European spring festival of May Day for the May Queen also now associated with Mary of Cleophas – Merrie Men – Morris Men
- 1230 AD Germany Frederick II issued the Constitutions of Malfi which orders the burning of heretics, the ending of trial by ordeal and strengthening the power of the king over his nobles, but affirming the equality of all citizens, and ordering a standing Islamic army in Sicily
- 1230 AD Rome Gregory IX proscribed Grail Lore and Tarot cards Arthurian Myth
- 1230 Britain source Roger of Wendover writes Flores Historiarum
- 1230 AD Britain source Matthew Paris
- 1230 AD Britain Simon de Montfort arrives back fresh from the Albigensian Crusade and he immediately sets about expelling Jews from Leicester
- 1235 AD West Africa Islam expands through the interior into Mali and the Songhai Empire and Timbuktu becomes renowned as a center of Islamic scholarship and sub-Saharan Africa’s first university
- 1235 AD West Africa The Mali Empire emerges and their religion of the mansas
- 1236 AD India Turkish Seljuks Razia Sultana is the first Islamic Queen
- 1238 AD Thailand the Sukothai kingdom emerges
- 1238 AD Korea is invaded by the Mongols
- 1240 AD Russia the Golden Horde conquers
- 1240 AD Siberia the Siberian Khanate emerges
- 1240 AD Tibet the Mongols enter and become entwined with the culture
- 1240 AD Far East Korea invents the first movable metal type printing
- 1244 AD Holy Land Sultan of Egypt As Salih Ayyub invaded Jerusalem and slaughtered all the Christian inhabitants by tricking them to return to the city when the Frankish banners were raised on the city walls. Ayyub’s Khwarezmian army also sacked the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and killed all the priests.
- 1249 AD Finland captured by Sweden
- 1250 AD Iceland The Eddas are written down. These collection of stories from the Volsungs and the Norse will form the basis for Wagner‘s Ring Cycle and Tolkein‘s Lord of the Rings
- 1250 AD Wales source Black Book of Camarthen Arthurian Myth
- 1250 AD Holy Land Mamaluk commander Baibars defeats Louis IX of France on Crusade
- 1250 AD Sweden consolidates as a Roman Catholic country including Finland and Norway
- 1252 AD Rome the Inquisition allowed to use torture and secret trials and death by burning
- 1254 AD Rome list of Popes
- 1255 AD Britain Henry III agreed to pay Alexander IV 135,000 marks for Sicily to set his son up as King but he couldn’t find the money
- 1258 AD Britain Simon de Montfort framed the Provisions of Oxford are as important as the Magna Carta and took power out of the kings hands and forced Henry III to accept a council to appoint ministers to Parliament, forcing the king to accept and established governing body for the first time. He is bankrupt and has no choice but to accept
- 1258 AD Britain the Magna Carta reissued
- 1259 AD Britain the Provisions of Westminster further refine the Provisions of Oxford and split the powers of the aristocracy and set up local administration. They are as important as Magna Carta. Henry III relinquishes Normandy but remains Duk de Aquitaine
- 1260 AD Egypt Mamluk Baibars campaigns against the Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem and massacres and destroys Christian villages and settlements occupied by Armenian, Coptic and Greek Orthodox families who have been settled there for generations. He also defeated a Mongol army led by Kitbogha. Islam and Christian forces combined to defeat the Mongol armies in the Holy Land and in Syria.
- 1260 AD Italy source The Golden Legend, a late medieval best seller, popularises St. George and the Dragon which became very popular because it embodied pagan wisdom in a form which could be venerated. The sky god was universally worshiped in pagan antiquity, represented as a horseman slaying a dragon, and the origins of this story may reach back into the dawn of time. Images from the pagan past were still vitally alive in this period, as they are today in many fairy stories and popular literature.
- 1261 AD Byzantine Empire Michael VIII reclaims the empire from Rome
- 1262 AD Iceland comes under the dominion of Norway and the Age of the Sturlungs begins, resulting in the Old Covenant
- 1264 AD Britain the Second Baron’s War ended with the death of Simon de Montfort and the victory of Edward at the Battle of Evesham and the Dictum of Kenilworth, confirming the Magna Carta
- 1266 AD Holy Land Sultan of Egypt Baibars raids in Armenia against the Christians where he captured 40,000 slaves
- 1266 AD Scotland under the Treaty of Perth, the Norwegian kings give up the Western Isles to Scotland but keep Orkney and Shetland
- 1266 AD Persia the Mongol Ilkhanate Dynasty converts to Islam
- 1267 AD Wales LLywellyn ap Gruffydd is awarded the title Prince of Wales under the Treaty of Montgomery
- 1268 AD Holy Land Sultan of Egypt Baibars and his Mamluk army conquers Antioch, the fifth most sacred site in Christianity, and massacres and enslaves all the Christian inhabitants. He despoils all of the churches, burns all of the gospels and smashes all of the church regalia. St. Peter’s Cathedral is despoiled and all of the bodies of the buried patriarchs are smashed and their tombs destroyed
- 1268 AD Europe the Hohenstaufen Dynasty fades and the Hapsburgs take on the mantle of Holy Roman Emperor
- 1270 AD Britain source Roger Bacon writing on Empiricism and the Scientific Method Mathematics Optics Alchemy Gunpowder Astrology Visible Spectrum and thought to be the author of the Voynich Manuscript which has never been deciphered
- 1270 AD Holy Land the Eighth Crusade launched by Louis IX of France over concern that the Mamluks were capturing territory as they successfully defeated the Mongol prescence in the area. Louis died on landing in North Africa. A few trading and residence permissions were exchanged with Egypt and Venice was selling arms to Baibars and Genoa was selling him slaves. Edward I of England continued on to Acre for the Ninth Crusade, an interesting combination of Mamluks and Christians, but which ultimately led to the loss of the Holy Lands to Christendom
- 1271 AD China the Yuan Dynasty created by the Mongols under Kublai Khan. Kublai Khan was so impressed by Tibet that he converted to Buddhism and Tibetan Books were translated for Mongolian Libraries. However, China had an inroad into Tibet which it will never abandon
- 1274 AD Japan the Mongol Invasions defeated
- 1274 AD Byzantine Empire Michael VIII takes the Byzantine Empire back from the Latin Empire and unified the Roman Church and the Orthodox Church under the Second Council of Lyon. Greece accept Roman Catholicism but remains subjugated to Byzantium
- 1276 AD Russia the Grand Duchy of Moscow emerges
- 1277 AD England The flag of St. George adopted, and there is quite a lot of oddness surrounding this, even today. St. George, even the historical George, has many characteristics of Tammuz, a pagan god, and he is also revered by Islam as Gherghis or El Khoudi, and as previously mentioned, he has characteristics of the Indo European sky god. St. George was most popular amongst the returning crusaders who had learnt a thing or two when they were behind the Roman Catholic ‘iron curtain‘ of proscription, which may explain why St. George was so widely adopted in Europe. England at the time had Edward the Confessor as a patron saint, and the popularity of St. George eventually displaced him.
- 1279 AD China the Song Dynasty fades as the Mongol Empire under Kublai Khan invades who establishes the Yuan Dynasty. Franciscan friars begin mission work in China
- 1279 AD India the Middle Kingdoms fade
- 1280 AD China Marco Polo expedition follows the Dominicans along the Silk Road newly accessible to the West after the Mongol defeat of Islam
- 1282 AD Wales LLywellyn ap Gruffydd is killed by Edward and Wales annexed by England
- 1282 AD Wales the House of Aberffraw destoyed at Abergwyngregyn
- 1282 AD Sicily the Sicilian Vespers
- 1282 AD Byzantine Empire Michael VII expansion and reorganisation of empire leads to infiltration of the Turks into Anatolia when its borders begin to collapse
- 1290 AD Britain Edward I expels the Jews from England
- 1292 AD France Jaques de Molay elected Grand Master of the Knights Templar
- 1296 AD Scotland the Wars of Independence start after Margaret died in 1290. These wars define Modern Scotland and mark the introduction of the Longbow into English warfare, which revolutionises English history. Robert the Bruce, Edward Balliol, William Wallace the Battle of Stirling Bridge and Edward I of England become famous in the struggle to come. Edward takes the Stone of Scone to Westminster Abbey and builds it into St Edwards Chair. Edward builds the Round Table at Winchester Cathederal and proliferates Round Table Clubs throughout England. Edward II of England takes up the fight therafter
- 1296 AD Cambodia Chinese Zhou Daguan visits and writes of the marvels he has seen
- 1299 AD Anatolia the Ottoman Empire emerges
- 1300 AD China Marco Polo writes extensively about his travels
- 1300 AD Poland kingdom emerges
- 1300 AD Europe woodblock printing on cloth
- 1300 AD Europe the Knights Templar run the Banking of Europe
- 1300 AD Rome the Dominicans are authorised for the duty of the Inquisition
- 1300 AD Java the Hindu and Buddhist Majapahit Culture emerges
- 1300 AD Baltic Sea the Hanseatic League form a monopoly for trade
- 1300 AD South India the Tamil Chola Culture fades
- 1301 AD Wales Yysgolion burnt all Welsh manuscripts in ?his possession (sorry no Welsh Wikipedia! check Google if you can read Welsh)
- 1303 AD France Philip IV in dispute with Boniface VIII who issued the Unam Sanctum, one of the most contraversial edicts ever issued from Rome
- 1306 AD Europe the Knights Templar are destroyed by Philip IV
- 1306 AD France all Jews expelled by Philip IV who confiscates all their possessions
- 1306 AD France Philip IV moves the papacy under Clement V to Avingnon safely under his control and takes control of all taxes
- 1306 AD England Edward II expels the Knights Templar who flee to Scotland under the safety of Robert the Bruce who is excommunicated at this time and not under the Papal Edict to destroy them
- 1307 AD Italy source Dante the Divine Comedy reputedly inspired Columbus and the Order of the Crescent or Order of the Holy Sepulchre (?origins), Leonardo da Vinci, John Dee, Francis Bacon and Robert Fludd but is largely ignored until the 18th Century otherwise
- 1309 AD Wales source the Book of Taliesin Arthurian Myth
- 1309 AD Rhodes the Knights Hospitaller capture the island from the Byzantine Empire
- 1314 AD Scotland the Battle of Bannockburn where Robert the Bruce regains the Crown of Scotland. There is a reputed connection of the Knights Templar who reputedly fought at Bannockburn, to Orkney under Maol Iosa IV (see 1340 AD). Reputedly all future Bruces and Stewarts were Templars and members of the Templar Order of The Chivalric Order of the Temple of Jerusalem which reputedly still flourishes today under the name of the Sovereign Military Order of the Temple of Jerusalem
- 1315 AD England Famine
- 1320 AD Scotland the Declaration of Arbroath is considered to be a major influence on modern Scotland and on the American Declaration of Independence
- 1327 AD Cambodia the Khmer Empire fades
- 1328 AD Scotland Edward III signs the Treaty of Northampton confirming the Declaration of Arbroath
- 1329 AD Europe Tarot Cards reappear via Islamic sources after their earlier proscription by Rome. This reissue is reputedly linked to the Knights Templar and the The Chivalric Order of the Temple of Jerusalem
- 1336 AD India the Vijayangara Empire emerges in South India
- 1337 AD England Edward III invades France and begins the Hundred Years War over England’s claim to the French Throne
- 1340 AD World the Pandemic Black Death kills millions around the World. Estimated 35 million dead in China and India, one third of Islam and one half of all Europe. Reputedly the Black Death crosses to the New World where the Toltecs and the Mississippi Culture are devastated and the Aztec Empire emerges ?as a result? ?crossed with Henry I Sinclar and his Templar refugees who built the Newport Tower in Rhode Island? or from Chinese Polynesian contacts? Unfortunately this leads to Jewish pogroms across Europe as they are blamed for the plague
- 1340 AD Scotland Henry I Sinclair grandson of Maol Iosa IV (see 1314 AD) builds Roslyn Chapel
- 1342 AD South America Peru ?Sipan sacrifices
- 1345 AD North America Henry I Sinclar reputedly sailed to North America ?with the Templars
- 1345 AD Wales source Life of Beuno copied
- 1347 AD Anatolia the Ottoman empire captures Gallipoli
- 1348 AD Thailand the Sukhothai kingdom fades
- 1348 AD England Edward III found the Order of the Garter
- 1350 AD Morrocco Ibn Battatu travelled extensively and wrote about his travels. He reported that the trade of the whole World between Malabar and China was carried in Chinese ships.
- 1350 AD England Revolution after the Black Death as 50% of workers gone and the survivors inherit lands which gives them a bounty of sorts. They now claim higher wages and demand low rents and the feudal system collapsed and people begin to marry and move around without permission of their Lord. The resultant migration into towns and cities transforms England. People eventually got used to the Black Death which reoccured every 10-50 years for the next 300 years. Art changes throughout Europe to reflect Death and skeletons to teach survivors how to live. Europe responds with a massive building programme and Pilgrammages surge as there is a great outpouring of spirituality and creativity at this time
- 1350 AD Scotland Roslin Chapel founded by William de St Clair
- 1350 AD Wales source White Book of Rhydderch Welsh Mythology
- 1350 AD Cambodia conquered by the Thai kingdom of Ayutthaya and the Khmer kings moved to Phnom Penh
- 1350 AD Persia source Rashid al Din
- 1352 AD China The peasants of Guangzhang revolt following plague, famine and oppression from their Mongol overlords and this revolt spreads throughout China, led by Zhu Yuanzhang.
- 1353 AD Persia the Ilkhanate Dynasty fades as the Mongol’s loose control and the Jalayirids emerge
- 1356 AD Europe the Basel earthquake
- 1356 AD Europe the Turin Shroud reputedly emerges and is reputedly linked to the Cult of Jaques de Molay but it is immediately hidden by the Charney family
- 1358 AD Scotland the Wars of Independence end with the Treaty of Edinburgh Northampton
- 1360 AD Greece the Ottoman Empire campaigns in Thrace
- 1368 AD China the Ming Dynasty restores Han rule and replaces the Mongol Empire. The last Mongol Emperor Toghon Temur fled back to the Steppes.
- 1370 AD England Richard II bans writing in Welsh
- 1370 AD Scotland the Stewart Dynasty reputedly muttering about their Dal Riadan background and their connection to the Fisher King and Joseph of Arimathea and Arthurian Myth
- 1370 AD Central Asia Mongol Timur and the Timurid Empire emerge
- 1370 AD Balkans the Ottoman Empire campaigns in the Balkans
- 1370 AD Central Asia the Timurid Dynasty emerges at its capital Samarkhand
- 1375 AD Asia Minor the kingdom of Armenia fades
- 1375 AD Rome Tarot cards banned again
- 1378 AD Europe the Western Schism between Popes and Sates
- 1380 AD England source Gawaine and the Green Knight written in English (proscription about writing in Welsh see 1370 AD) Arthurian Myth
- 1382 AD Wales source Red Book of Hergest
- 1382 AD China Zhu Di destroys Kunming, the last Mongol stronghold, butchering the adult population and castrating all the young boys who were then conscripted into the Chinese army.
- 1387 AD China Zhu Yuanzhang massacres 10,000 civil and military officers from his administration and finally puts an end to Mongol influence in China.
- 1389 AD Europe the Turin Shroud shown again (reputedly linked to the Cult of Jaques de Molay) by the Charney family
- 1389 AD Balkans the Ottoman Empire campaigns in Kosovo
- 1390 AD England East Anglia proliferation of sword depositions in water
- 1391 AD Byzantium the Ottoman Empire attacks
- 1392 AD Korea gains its independence from the Mongol Empire and the Goryeo Culture fades as the Joseon Dynasty emerges
- 1397 AD Denmark the Kalmar Union with Sweden
- 1400 AD India and Pakistan the Timurid Dynasty invades with mass slaughter – 70-80,000 beheadings
- 1400 AD Finland occasional wars with Sweden
- 1400 AD Bulgaria falls under the Ottoman Empire
- 1400 AD Iceland united with Norway
- 1400 AD Europe the Renaissance begins
- 1400 AD North and Central Africa the ancient Bantu Culture is still flourishing in large areas of Africa
- 1400 AD Central Africa The Kongo Culture flourishing
- 1400 AD West Africa Islamic Mansa Musa endows the Sankore University in Timbuktu with wealth gained from the gold trade which enabled the Kingdom of Mali to flourish. These cultures are matrilineal
- 1400 AD Malaya the Islamic Malaccan Sultanate emerges under Parameswara
- 1400 AD North America the Cahokia Culture fades
- 1400 AD England Richard II deposed
- 1400 AD Wales Owain Glyndwr revolts after the fall of Richard II but is defeated and loses the title Prince of Wales which is now adopted by the English, who do not want the Welsh to ally with France again.
- 1402 AD China the Korean Ambassador presented Zhu Di with a map of the Asian Mongol Empire called the Kangnido, showing all the land and oceans from Japan to India.
- 1402 AD Asia Minor Tamerlane defeats the Ottomans at Ankara.
- 1402 AD China Zhu Di takes his court and a million strong army to Beijing to counter Tamerlane who is determined to restore Mongol rule in China. Zhu Di rebuilds Kublai Khan‘s old capital and builds the Forbidden City and repaired the Great Wall. Zhu Di recreates the Silk Road trade which had collapsed 500 years earlier, and he began to build a fleet of ocean going ships.
- 1402 AD Spanish Empire emerges
- 1403 AD Asia Minor the Timurid Dynasty deflects to conquer China allowing the Ottoman Turks access into Europe.
- 1404 AD China Zhu Di forcibly relocated 10,000 households to Beijing and force marched a vast army of workers there, and some 335 army divisions were redeployed to guard them.
- 1405 AD China Zheng He begins his many voyages using Malacca as his base, he visits Cambodia, Java, Sri Lanka, India, the Maldives, Africa, Arabia, Sumatra and Persia.
- 1405 AD Asia Minor Tamerlane leads a vast army out of Samarkand to recapture China, but he died on the way, and his army broke up and dispersed.
- 1406 AD China the Ming Dynasty begins construction of the Forbidden City
- 1409 Rome the Council of Pisa convened to try and end the Western Schism and reputedly debated whether Mary Magdelene or Joseph of Arimathea came to Europe first
- 1409 AD Wales source Welsh Triads Arthurian Myth
- 1410 AD Lithuania the Teutonic Knights defeated
- 1411 AD China Zhu Di enlarges The Grand Canal to reach Beijing and trade along the canal increased dramatically to feed to labour force building the new capital city. To build his new Forbidden City and his ocean going fleet, Zhu Di strips millions of acres of forests of Mahogany trees, denuding most of Vietnam of trees and sparking the first of a series of uprisings against Chinese rule. 5,000,000 workers toiled directly and indirectly on the construction of the Forbidden City alone.
- 1414 AD Rome the Council of Constance convened to discuss the Western Schism where reputedly Bishop Ussher of Armagh claimed that Joseph of Arimathea cultivated the Lord’s vineyard in England
- 1415 AD France Henry V of England defeats the French at the Battle of Agincourt
- 1415 AD Portugese sailors begin their Age of Discovery around the Cape of Good Hope and South Africa. The Portugese Empire emerges
- 1417 AD China Zhu Di moved into the completed Forbidden City
- 1417 AD Europe the end of the Western Schism between Church and State
- 1421 AD Asia Minor the Ottomans blocked European access to the Silk Road at the same time that Mamluk Sultans nationalised the Spice Trade in Egypt, effectively cutting Europe off completely from such trade.
- 1421 AD China Zhu Di completes his new capital city Beijing with a magnificent ceremony, planned for 15 years, where all the foreign heads from as far as Africa, Malaysia, Siam, Malacca, Java, Sumatra, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, The Spice Islands, Persia, India, The Pacific Islands, Borneo, Hormuz, Aden, Mogadishu, Vietnam, Arabia, Japan, Tibet and Korea, and Tamerlane’s son and grandson were made to kow tow. Zhu Di initiated the Yong le Dadian project to preserve all of the known literature and knowledge in the World, compiling a library of vast proportions, including an encyclopedia of 4,000 volumes, the works of the Song Dynasty philosophers were collated, and printed novels from all over China were collected and stored in the Forbidden City. The foreign potentates invited to this grand enauguration were transported and returned to their homes in a vast fleet, after being wined, dined and entertained at Zhu Di’s expense for over a month, with 26,000 guests were regularly seated and given ten course banquets served on dishes of the finest porcelain, surrounded by riches and knowledge and evidence of trade from as far as the Pacific and as far as Africa. Zhu Di provided them all with concubines and bade them farewell with a vast honour guard of 300,000 soldiers complete with elephants, and gave them all expensive gifts to take home. His Admirals Zheng He, Hong Bao, Zhou Man, Zhou Wen and Yang Qing set out with orders to bring the known World to China and Confusionism and religious tolerance, in five fleets. The Chinese also carried bronze mirrors to ward off evil spirits and worshipped Ma Tsu. At this time, China had six centuries of experience in ocean navigation. They based their navigation on the Pole Star and they had invented the magnetic compass in the 7th century. Their first task was to return the foreign potentates home and then to explore ‘all under heaven’. They left from the port of Tanggu in an armada of ships 480′ long x 180′ wide surrounded by thousands of junks, all told over 800 vessels. Each large treasure ship contained 16 internal watertight compartments, any 2 of which could be flooded, each contained 60 staterooms, most with balconies overlooking the sea, and equipped with interpreters, cartographers, navigators, many of the thousands of scholars now unemployed after the Yong le Dadian encyclopaedia was complete, metallurgists, physicians, botanists and agriculturalists. The treasure ships could easily remain at sea for over three months and cover 4,500 miles without making landfall, as separate grain and water tankers and ships containing horses sailed alongside them, and the treasure ships themselves carried animals and sea otters to fish at sea, and also many gifts for new trading contacts as they travelled. As the fleet left on its explorations, a bolt of lightening hit the Forbidden City on 9.5.1421 and killed Zhu Di’s favourite concubine and destroyed a large part of the Forbidden City. So great was the shock and so dreadful the omen, because a terrible plaugue hit China and killed many 100,000s of people, that Zhu Di, now ill and shaken, executed 1000s of his concubines because he had no children. Rebellions broke out over China, Le Qui Ly of Vietnam led one failed uprising resulting in the destruction of all native Vietnamese literature and the systematic obliteration of the Vietnamese identity, but Le L’oi founded another Vietnamese Dynasty and rebellions spread across China and the Ming Dynasty faltered. Zhu Di died in 1424 on campaign against the Mongol Arughtai.
- 1423 AD Italy the Ottoman Empire campaigns against Venice
- 1424 AD India Niccolo de Conti writer and traveller to India reports the Chinese Fleet at Calicut and gives a full description.
- 1424 AD China Zhu Gaozhi becomes Emperor of China and cancels the treasure ship expeditions and takes steps to stabilise China, as Zhu Di’s grandiosity had practically bankrupt the country.
- 1425 AD China Zhu Zhanji becomes Emperor of China. The Treasure fleet returns after sailing to every known continent, including Alaska, Antarctica, Australia, Africa, the Americas. They spread Chines flora and fauna as they go and transplant many other species of plant from one country to another, such that you can still trace their passage by various plants across the Globe. They leave colonists everywhere as modern DNA research demonstrates. They teach the Aztecs how to make porcelain and laquer work and trade throughout the Caribbean, round both the Cape of Good Hope and the tip of South America leaving evidence of their passage along the way. Many shipwrecks have been found around the World of the ships that foundered, and they mapped every coastline in great detail. These maps found their way to the Portugese in the next few decades and enable them to extend into the Indian Ocean. The Chinese fixed navigational anchor points, at the Faulkland Islands, to determine that the earths was a sphere
- 1428 AD Europe Hungary defeats Ottoman Empire’s expansion into Europe which incorporated Greece
- 1429 AD France Joan of Arc defeats the English
- 1431 AD Thailand the Thai army invaded the Kymer Empire
- 1433 AD China Ma Huan published his diaries detailing Zheng He‘s round the World voyages, called ‘The Overall Survey of the Ocean Shores’.
- 1435 AD China Imperial edicts ban all overseas trade and travel. Learning a foreign language was banned and teaching Chinese to foreigners was made illegal. All contact with foreigners banned, to the point that a strip of land along the southern coast 700 miles long and 30 miles deep was devastated and burnt and the population moved inland. All documents pertaining to the voyages of the treasure fleet are destroyed, the shipyards are destroyed and the fleet is left to decay.
- 1438 AD Thailand the Sukhothai Kingdom fades and the Ayuthaua kingdom emerges
- 1438 AD South America the Incas emerge
- 1440 AD West Africa the Slave Trade to the New World begins
- 1441 AD Scotland William Sinclair, grandson of Henry I Sinclair, reputedly appointed patron of Freemasonry in Scotland. The St Clair family are the biggest landholders in Scotland
- 1448 AD Balkans the Ottoman Empire conquers
- 1450 AD Germany the Gutenberg metal movable type presses begin printing
- 1450 AD Germany the printed version of playing cards invade Europe. These came in from ?China via Persia via Egypt via the Mamluks with their pack of four suits, swords, polo sticks, cups and coins, and they travel to Southern Europe via the extensive trading contracts the Mamluks set up with the infidel. France further develops playing cards into two colours, red and black, and four suits, hearts, diamonds, spades and clubs and they add the queens, missing from earlier suits due to the total absence of women of power outside of courtly European societies. The nobility of Europe paid richly for the development of the Tarot pack of 78 cards, to include an extra suit of Trumps or Triumphs. These Tarot cards reflect the everyday symbols of Renaissance Europe, with its interest in alchemy and the recovery of lost knowledge, plus the skeleton image prevalent throughout Europe after the Black Death. This original Tarot was used to play a form of Contract Bridge. The Church of course went up in arms about playing cards because they were used for gambling, and many attempts to ban them were made, but playing cards were just too handy to carry around in a soldiers pack and the armies spread them everywhere. There does not seem to have been any Church concern about occult symbolism at this time, although numerology and Kabbalistic symbols are obviously evident. Any esoteric connections to both playing cards and the Tarot seem to come much later (see 1800 AD)
- 1450 AD England William Caxton brings the printing press to England and uses it to promote Welsh and French propoganda in English, starting with the history of Troy, the Golden Legend the Book of the Knight in the Tower Mallory’s Morte de Arthur Arthurian Myth (commissioned by Henry VII‘s mother) and Chaucer‘s newly written Canterbury Tales
- 1450 AD Europe the Witch Trials begin
- 1450 AD England source Thomas Malory Morte de Arthur ensures the Grail Lore revival Arthurian Myth
- 1453 AD Portugal begins exploration around the coast of Africa
- 1453 AD Byzantium is captured by the Ottoman Empire and renamed Istanbul. The Ottoman Turks are Sunni Moslems because they are not descended from Muhammed directly
- 1453 AD France the Turin Shroud reputedly bought by Louis Duke of Savoy
- 1455 AD England the War of the Roses
- 1456 AD Romania Vlad the Impaler holds the resurging Ottoman Empire at bay
- 1456 AD Balkans the Ottoman Empire campaigns in Belgrade
- 1459 AD Venice Fra Mauro map maker to Dom Pedro, brother to Henry the Navigator of Portugal, includes information gleaned from the Chinese round the World voyages. Frau Mauro was a confidante of Niccolo de Conti
- 1460 AD Greece the Ottoman Empire enters Athens
- 1462 AD West Africa Seirra Leone centre of the Slave Trade
- 1464 AD England the Fishpool Hoard buried
- 1467 AD Japan the Onin War
- 1471 AD Scotland James III forces the St Clairs to give up Orkney
- 1473 AD Europe the first World map is drawn up by Europeans fifty years after this Chinese did so
- 1475 AD Balkans the Ottoman Empire defeated in Moldavia
- 1475 AD Asia Minor the Ottoman Empire campaigns in the Crimea
- 1477 AD Asia Minor the Ottoman Empire campaigns along the Adriatic
- 1478 AD Mesoamerica the remains of 20,000 sacrificial victims from one Aztec ceremony date to this time
- 1478 AD Spain the Spanish Inquisition is unleashed under the Grand Inquisitor
- 1480 AD Itasly the Ottoman Empire invades Italy but is driven off
- 1480 AD Scotland James III forces the St Clair lands divided between William Sinclair‘s 16 children on his death
- 1482 AD Africa the Portugese establish trading ports all around the coast of Africa for slaves, gold, ivory and spices, including Ghana
- 1483 AD Wales Richard III bans the printing press in Wales
- 1485 AD England Richard III establishes the Merchant Marine which will become the basis of the British Empire
- 1485 AD England Henry VII ends the Wars of the Roses at the Battle of Bosworth Field
- 1486 AD Germany the most awful book ever written the Malleus Maleficarum is responsible for mass slaughter in the European Witch Hunts reputedly over 6,000,000 people, mostly women, killed in this holocaust
- 1488 AD Africa Pedro Alvares Cabral and Bartolomeu Dias round the Cape of Good Hope, the first Europeans to do so.
- 1492 AD Christopher Colombus sails to the New World and Spanish conquests begin
- 1492 AD South America the Spanish Conquistadors begin to arrive
- 1498 AD East Africa the Arrival of European Sailors reputedly leads to the collapse of the ancient Swahili Culture
- 1498 AD India Portugese Vasco de Gama is the first modern European to sail to India
- 1499 AD Italy the Ottoman Empire attacked Venice and a peace treaty was signed
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